Scholarship

Research built for the permanent record.

Work examining how legal doctrine and healthcare-market structure affect pharmacies, patients, and public regulation.

Every entry identifies its current status. Citations, journal links, DOI information, and downloads appear only when documented and publication rights permit.

Forthcoming

The PBM Shield: ERISA Preemption and the Foreclosure of Pharmacy Competition

Toby C. Frost, Pharm.D., J.D., C.P.B.S.

Journal of Health Care Law & Policy

An examination of ERISA preemption in relation to PBM regulation and pharmacy competition.

Citation, external link, and authorized manuscript access will be added when available.

Manuscript in revision • 2026

The Arkansas Warning — The First Generation Test

Toby C. Frost, Pharm.D., J.D., C.P.B.S., and Asher J. Frost

Publication information pending

A manuscript addressing the constitutional conflict surrounding state regulation of pharmacy ownership and the first generation of structural PBM regulation.

Citation, external link, and authorized manuscript access will be added when available.